Aprendizado de máquina nos serviços farmacêuticos: uma revisão integrativa / Machine learning in pharmaceutical services: an integrative review

A crescente digitalização e aplicação de inteligência artificial (IA) em problemas complexos do mundo real, tem potencial de melhorar os serviços de saúde, inclusive da atuação dos farmacêuticos no processo do cuidado. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar na literatura científica, estudos que testam algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina (Machine Learning ­ ML) aplicados as atividades de farmacêuticos clínicos no cuidado ao paciente. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, realizada nas bases de dados, Pubmed, Portal BVS, Cochrane Library e Embase. Artigos originais, relacionados ao objetivo proposto, disponíveis e publicados antes de 31 de dezembro de 2021, foram incluídos, sem limitações de idioma. Foram encontrados 831 artigos, sendo 5 incluídos relacionados as atividades inseridas nos serviços de revisão da farmacoterapia (3) e monitorização terapêutica (2). Foram utilizadas técnicas supervisionadas (3) e não supervisionadas (2) de ML, com variedade de algoritmos testados, sendo todos os estudos publicados recentemente (2019-2021). Conclui-se que a aplicação da IA na farmácia clínica, ainda é discreta, sinalizando os desafios da era digital.

The growing application of artificial intelligence (AI) in complex real-world problems has shown an enormous potential to improve health services, including the role of pharmacists in the care process. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify, in the scientific literature, studies that addressed the use of machine learning (ML) algorithms applied to the activities of clinical pharmacists in patient care. This is an integrative review, conducted in the databases Pubmed, VHL Regional Portal, Cochrane Library and Embase. Original articles, related to the proposed topic, which were available and published before December 31, 2021, were included, without language limitations. There were 831 articles retrieved 5 of which were related to activities included in the pharmacotherapy review services (3) and therapeutic monitoring (2). Supervised (3) and unsupervised (2) ML techniques were used, with a variety of algorithms tested, with all studies published recently (2019­2021). It is concluded that the application of AI in clinical pharmacy is still discreet, signaling the challenges of the digital age.

Profile of pharmaceutical interventions of a pharmacotherapeutic follow-up model for diabetic patients in a community pharmacy

Abstract The insertion of Pharmaceutical Care in Primary Health Care (PHC) improves patients' clinical outcomes and quality of life. Pharmacotherapeutic follow-up can contribute to the management of chronic diseases such as diabetes, promoting better glycemic control and adherence to therapy. This study aimed to assess the Drug-therapy Problems (DTPs) and Pharmacist Interventions (PIs) on the pharmacotherapeutic management in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a community pharmacy. A quantitative, retrospective, and cross-sectional study was conducted in a Pharmaceutical Care Program within the PHC in Juiz de Fora (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Inclusion criteria were patients with T2DM above 18, who attended at least three pharmaceutical consultations between July 2016 and October 2018 and presented two or more glycated hemoglobin tests. The study group (n = 17) was largely composed of women (65%), elderly (76%), sedentary (72%), and obese people (52%). The resolution was achieved in 79% of the DTPs identified (n = 115). Most of DTPs were related to administration and adherence to pharmacotherapy (46%). 60% of the 437 PIs involved the provision of information and counseling. In other words, accessible interventions lead to high resolvability. Therefore, clinical actuation of pharmacists could improve the prognosis in diabetes treatment

Pharmacovigilance: an evaluation on the practice of pharmacists acting in pharmacies and drugstores

Abstract Pharmacists acting in pharmacies and drugstores stores are some of the most accessible healthcare providers and the last to intervene before the patient takes their medicine. This puts the pharmacist in a position of authority that should be harnessed for the benefit of health. Thus, this professional is strategic for performing pharmacovigilance. Our objective of this study was to interrogate the practice of pharmacists in relation to pharmacovigilance activities, and to identify difficulties and possible stimuli for the improvement these activities in pharmacies and drugstores. The information was collected through an online questionnaire via Survey Monkey®. The data were analyzed statistically using SPSS software. Responses were received from 5174 pharmacists: mostly young women within five years of graduation and experience in pharmaceutical retail. 81% of them reported having identified suspected substandard medicines, but only 16% used the Brazilian notification system Notivisa. More than 85% of pharmacists agreed with the importance of pharmacovigilance and the recognition of reporting services as part of pharmacist duties and pharmaceutical care. The main barriers to making notifications were the lack of access and knowledge about Notivisa. Pharmacists agreed that simplifying the system would be a stimulus for notifications, and requested more feedback from notifications, as well as material and courses to understand the notification process. Pharmacists have important data to feed into pharmacovigilance systems, recognize their responsibilities and are willing to contribute, but still demonstrate low compliance. Simplification of the system and training on it are likely to increase notifications.

Clinical pharmaceutical services in primary health care of the Federal District: Performance frequency and conditioning factors

Abstract Pharmaceutical services correspond to a set of actions that aim to guarantee the integral access and rational use of drugs by the population. In this sense, this study aimed to identify the frequency and conditioning factors for clinical services of primary care in the Federal District, Brazil. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted, in which 34 pharmacists were interviewed. The most frequently developed clinical pharmaceutical services were dispensing, pharmaceutical guidance for users, and technical-pedagogical activities for the health team. There is a greater frequency of operation of clinical services by pharmacists working in pharmacies with physical infrastructure, with better levels of adequacy, greater support from management and health staff, and the inclusion in Family Health Support Nucleus activities. Although the clinical pharmaceutical services in primary care are incipient, the study raises important data for the reorientation and qualification of these actions.

Percepção de farmacêuticos na implantação do Cuidado Farmacêutico na Atenção Básica / Pharmacists' perceptions on the implementation of Pharmaceutical Care in Primary Care

Resumo O artigo descreve a percepção de 10 farmacêuticos da Atenção Básica (AB) de uma região do município de São Paulo que participaram do processo de implantação do Cuidado Farmacêutico. A partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa com grupos focais e abordagem descritiva, os conteúdos foram analisados utilizando-se a Análise de Conteúdo. Das 52 unidades de registro organizadas em 10 categorias, resultaram três sínteses sobre o processo de implantação do CF. Nesse contexto, foi possível descrever o papel do farmacêutico na AB após a implantação dos serviços clínicos, de modo a identificar suas percepções, dificuldades e avanços. Os resultados demonstraram aspectos positivos, além da necessidade de uma mudança gradual no perfil e nas competências dos farmacêuticos para o desenvolvimento de serviços clínicos, ultrapassando os limites da categoria e dependendo do trabalho em equipe realizado na AB. Logo, os resultados promovem os diferentes papéis dos atores envolvidos nesta prática (usuários, equipe de saúde, gestores e farmacêuticos) e valorizam novas formas de cuidado no SUS.

Abstract The article describes the perception of 10 pharmacists from the Primary Health Care (PHC) of a region in the municipality of São Paulo that participated in the process of implementing the Pharmaceutical Care (PC). Based on qualitative research with focus groups and descriptive approach, contents were reviewed using the Content Analysis. The 52 registration units organized in 10 categories resulted in three summaries about the PC implementation process. In this context, we could describe the role of pharmacists in PHC after the implementation of clinical services, in order to identify their perceptions, difficulties and advances. Results unveiled positive aspects, besides the need for gradual change in the profile and competences of pharmacists to develop clinical services, extrapolating the category boundaries, and depending on the teamwork performed at PHC. Therefore, results promote the different roles of the players involved in this practice (users, health team, managers, and pharmacists), and value new forms of care in the Brazilian Health System (SUS).

Pharmaceutical services in primary health care: dissatisfaction among users, managers and pharmacists

Abstract To assess the performance indicators for pharmaceutical services (PS) in primary health care (PHC), the level of satisfaction with pharmacy services among users and managers / pharmacists' impressions in relation to the findings were evaluated. The study used mixed methods, including a retrospective and descriptive study of the performance indicators for PS in PHC, an observational study on the level of satisfaction and a qualitative study of users' perception of pharmacy services at Health Units. Managers and pharmacists' impressions of the study results were also collected. Only 44.4% of pharmacies had a full-time pharmacist. From the establishments visited, 5.3% did not have an air-conditioned environment, and only 33.3% of the items essential to the Good Practices of Storage of Medicines and Supplies criteria were fulfilled. Although 77.9% of the prescribed medicines were dispensed, it did not reach the 80% standard. The satisfaction level of users was 3.2±0.6, indicating dissatisfaction with pharmacies' services. By means of an evaluation of each item within the questionnaire, it was possible to observe that variables related to pharmaceutical care presented low scores in relation to other domains, thus evidencing the fragility of the pharmaceutical- patient relationship in users' perception. Managers and pharmacists suggested that these results were related to the inadequate physical infrastructure of pharmacies, work overload, lack of recognition and undervaluation of pharmacists, lack of interaction within the PHC team, high turnover of pharmacists, and lack of PS prioritization by the administration. PS in PHC has structural and organizational weaknesses that require changes. In general, users are dissatisfied with pharmacies' services, especially with pharmaceutical care.

Exploring Work Satisfaction and Characteristics of Iraqi Pharmacist Workforce

Abstract The objectives of this study were to describe work characteristics of Iraqi pharmacists, to compare pharmacist job satisfaction between private and public sectors and to assess factors influencing job satisfaction level. This cross-sectional study of pharmacists, their work sites and work satisfactions used an electronic questionnaire that was posted on Facebook pharmacy professional group from June to September 2018. The participants included pharmacists from all 18 Iraqi provinces. We used multiple linear regression to identify predictors of general job satisfaction among 13 pharmacist characteristics. We received 658 usable surveys. Approximately half (47.24%) of respondents indicated dissatisfaction with their primary workplace. Job performance, patient contact, satisfaction with manager, income and expectation satisfactions were significantly related with work satisfaction. Pharmacists working in the private sector had significantly more control over their workplace and higher satisfaction with manager, income and general satisfactions compared to those working in public sector. Pharmacists work in diverse settings across the public healthcare system, community pharmacies, private drug bureaus and academia. About half of them are dissatisfied with their primary workplace. The private sector has more satisfaction rate compared to the public sector. Thus, officials need to improve job environments in the public sector.

Systematic review protocol: following PRISMA guide from Cochrane to generate evidence as treatment effect of pharmaceutical care for hypertension in primary care

Pharmaceutical care (PC) is in the implementation process in Brazil and Latin America. Synthesis of evidence has been requested for monitoring and evaluating the process regarding the treatment effect. The objective is to build and disseminate a systematic review protocol to make a standard for updating results from pharmaceutical care for hypertension and for other diseases. This is a protocol for systematic review studies regarding a real example of a protocol reasoned in pharmaceutical care for hypertension in primary care. This protocol was delineated grounded in the Cochrane Handbook. Descriptors and words were defined using MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), DeCS (Descriptors in Health Sciences) and Emtree thesaurus, and the search was performed in English, Spanish and Portuguese, without filters, up to March, 27th, 2017. The results were structured in the PRISMA flowchart. Results found from all databases were: the Cochrane Library (n= 202); PubMed (n= 2608); LILACs (n= 909); Embase (n= 1653); Scopus (n=1298); IPA (n=967); and Web of Sciences (n=435). From these, 1688 were duplicate articles. The content of this paper can aid the constant monitoring of pharmaceutical care implementation and contribute to the improvement of the quality and evidence levels of published studies.

Judicialização do acesso a medicamentos no município de Ivinhema, Mato Grosso do Sul / Judicialization of access to medicines in the municipality of Ivinhema, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil / Judicialización del acceso a medicamentos en la ciudad de Ivinhema, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

Objetivo: conhecer o perfil das requisições de medicamentos na esfera administrativa, recebidas pela Secretaria de Saúde do Município de Ivinhema, Mato Grosso do Sul, no ano de 2017. Métodos: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, com foco em base documental. Definiuse como universo da pesquisa os ofícios recebidos pelo departamento jurídico da Secretaria de Saúde no Município de Ivinhema/MS, no período de primeiro de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2017. As variáveis concatenadas foram: quantificação das requisições de medicamentos no período supracitado; classificação da autoria dos ofícios recebidos; características dos medicamentos requeridos: pertinência à rede de assistência farmacêutica do SUS e classificação pela Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC), de acordo com a recomendação da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Resultados: foram recebidos 59 ofícios, requisitando um total de 169 medicamentos. Desse total, 118 (69,8%) não faziam parte da rede de assistência farmacêutica do SUS. Dos 51 (30,2%) medicamentos listados na rede pública de saúde, 38 (74,5%) estavam elencados na Relação Estadual de Medicamentos Essenciais (Resme) e 13 (25,5%), na lista do componente especializado. Os fármacos solicitados com maior frequência foram: ácido acetilsalicílico (3,5%), metoprolol e cilostazol (2,4%). A maioria das requisições recebidas veio da Defensoria Pública (93,2%). Além disso, segundo a classificação terapêutica dos medicamentos solicitados, verificou-se que os grupos anatômicos mais frequentes foram: sistema nervoso central (31,9%), sistema cardiovascular (26,0%) e sangue e órgãos hematopoiéticos (10,6%). Conclusão: a maioria dos ofícios era de autoria da Defensoria Pública e requisitavam medicamentos que não faziam parte da rede de assistência farmacêutica do SUS

Objective: to know the profile of medicines requests in the administrative level, received by the Secretary of Health of Ivinhema, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in 2017. Methodology: descriptive, retrospective study, focusing on documentary basis. The universe of research was defined as the documents received by the law department of Secretary of Health of Ivinhema, Mato Grosso do Sul, from January 1 to December 31, 2017. The variables studied were: quantification of medicines requests; authorship classification of the received documents; characteristics of the required medicines: relevance to the SUS pharmaceutical assistance network and classification by the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC), according to the recommendation of the World Health Organization. Results: 59 documents were received, requesting a total of 169 medicines. Of this total, 118 (69.8%) were not part of SUS's pharmaceutical assistance network. Of the 51 (30.2%) medicines listed in the public health network, 38 (74.5%) were listed in the State List of Essential Medicines (Resme), and 13 (25.5%) in the specialized component list. The most frequently requested medicines were acetylsalicylic acid (3.5%), metoprolol and cilostazol (2.4%).Most of the documents received came from the Public Defender's Office (93.2%). In addition, according to the therapeutic classification of the medicine requested, it was found that the most frequent anatomical groups were: central nervous system (31.9%), cardiovascular system (26.0%) and blood and hematopoietic organs (10.6%). Conclusion: Most of the documents were from the Public Defender's and requested medicines that were not part of SUS's pharmaceutical assistance network.

Objetivo: conocer el perfil de las requisiciones de medicamentos en la esfera administrativa, recibidas por la Secretaría de Salud del Municipio de Ivinhema, Mato Grosso do Sul, en el año 2017. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo con foco en base documental. Se definió como universo de la investigación los oficios recibidos por el departamento jurídico de la Secretaría de Salud en el Municipio de Ivinhema/MS, en el período del primero de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2017. Las variables concatenadas fueron: cuantificación de las solicitudes de drogas en el período mencionado; clasificación de autoría de los oficios recibidas; características de los medicamentos requeridos: relevancia para la red de atención farmacéutica del SUS y clasificación según la Clasificación Química Terapéutica Anatómica (ATC), según la recomendación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados: recibieron 59 oficios, solicitando un total de 169 medicamentos. De este total, 118 (69,8%) no formaban parte de La red de Asistencia Farmacéutica del SUS. De los 51 (30,2%) medicamentos listados en la red pública de salud, 38 (74,5%) estaban enumerados en la Lista Estatal de Medicamentos Esenciales (Resme) y 13 (25,5%) en la lista del componente especializado. Los fármacos solicitados com mayor frecuencia fueron: ácido acetilsalicílico (3,5%), metoprolol y cilostazol (2,4%). La mayoría de las acciones recibidas vinieron de La Defensoría Pública (93,2%). Además, según La clasificación terapéutica de los medicamentos solicitados, se verificó que los grupos anatómicos más frecuentes fueron: sistema nervioso central (31,9%), sistema cardiovascular (26,0%) y sangre y órganos hematopoyéticos (10,6%). Conclusion: La mayoría de los documentos provenían de la Oficina del Defensor Público y solicitaban medicamentos que no formaban parte de la red de asistencia farmacéutica del SUS.

O farmacêutico na atenção primária no Brasil: uma inserção em construção / The pharmacist in the Brazilian Primary Health Care: insertion under construction

Resumo O objetivo é analisar a inserção do trabalho do farmacêutico na atenção primária no Brasil. Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados BVS, SciELO, Lilacs e Medline, no período de 1998 a 2016. Dos 157 artigos encontrados, excluindo-se os duplicados, teses, dissertações e revisões e após leitura integral, foram incluídos 9 que tratavam do trabalho do farmacêutico e que relatavam experiências, atribuições, potencialidades, dificuldades e desafios para a prática profissional. Os resultados apontam produção incipiente e predomínio de estudos qualitativos a partir de 2007. A inserção na equipe, como espaço de qualificação das ações, é tema central dos estudos, que apontam desafios e dificuldades quanto ao reconhecimento e aceitação das intervenções do farmacêutico. As potencialidades estão no âmbito das ações voltadas para o usuário, as famílias e a equipe, assim como na formação profissional e na difusão dos resultados das ações farmacêuticas. Há predomínio do isolamento do farmacêutico na atenção primária, com perspectivas de fortalecimento da sua integração à equipe, que tem sido impulsionada pelas recentes mudanças institucionais e normativas no cenário nacional. Os pesquisadores focam nas potencialidades para a prática profissional, com o olhar para o futuro em construção.

Abstract The objective is to analyze the insertion of the pharmacists work in primary health care in Brazil. The search was performed on BVS, SciELO, Lilacs e Medline databases from 1998 to 2016. From the 157 articles found, excluding the duplicates, theses, dissertations and reviews, after the complete reading the review included 9 articles dealing with the pharmacist's work describing experiences, attributions, potentialities, difficulties and challenges. Results show incipient production and predominance of qualitative studies starting in 2007. The insertion in the team is the central topic of the studies, pointing out the challenges and the difficulties related to the recognition and acceptance of the pharmacists interventions. The potentialities reside in the area of actions directed to the client, the families and the team, as well as in the professional training field as well as in the dissemination of the results of the pharmaceutical actions. The pharmacists' isolation in the primary care prevails, albeit there are perspectives of strengthening the integration in the team that has been stimulated by the recent institutional and regulatory transformations in the national scenario. Beyond the present difficulties and experiences reported, the researchers focus on the potentialities for the professional practice, glancing at the construction of the future.

Do Brazilian hospital pharmacists record, document, archive and disseminate their clinical practice?

An exploratory study was conducted to present the approach of Brazilian hospital pharmacists to registering, documenting, archiving and disseminating clinical practice. The data were collected using an electronic questionnaire (n=348). In fact, 97.41% of pharmacists record their clinical practice, out of which 64.01% (n=217) do in electronic form, mainly in private hospitals (p<0.000), in the central, southern and southeastern regions (p=0.040), and by professionals with 1-5 years of experience (p=0.001). The main software used is non-specific to clinical practice: an electronic spreadsheet (47.93%; n=104) and text editor (13.37%; n=29). The archiving of records is performed by 87.61% (n=297) of professionals, where 80.13% (n=238) do so in physical form; however, 77.31% (n=184) of these files are kept for less than the standard recommended time. Documentation in medical records is carried out by 55.17% (n=192) of pharmacists, increasing among those with 1-5 years of clinical practice (p=0.001), and dissemination is performed by 74.71% (n=260) of hospital pharmacists, with a lower frequency in public hospitals (p=0.012) and among professionals with fewer hours dedicated exclusively to clinical pharmacy (p=0.012). These results can undergird the revision of competency-based training programs of Brazilian clinical pharmacists to remain pharmacists as a valuable health team member

Evaluation of the pharmaceutical assistance structure in Maranhão State, Brazil

Assessment instruments can measure the effectiveness of health policy organizations. This research is a descriptive diagnostic study the Pharmaceutical Assistance structure in Maranhão State, Brazil. The methodology consisted of obtaining secondary data from institutions related to the Pharmaceutical Assistance in the State. Structure indicators were calculated using methodology adapted from the World Health Organization (WHO), and pharmacists perception about the structure of the Pharmaceutical Assistance was analysed through questionnaires. There are 3,003 pharmacists and 3,410 healthcare establishments registered in the Regional Pharmacy Council CRF-MA, particularly in the capital area. Two main problems were identified by pharmacists: the "ineffective management of the public health system" and the "amount of available medicine is insufficient to meet the rising demands of the population" (23.08%; 18 each). We concluded that the Pharmaceutical Assistance organization in Maranhão State is in a precarious situation that requires an investment of resources to improve the physical structures, expand the amount and improve the qualifications of human resources, and procure medicines in sufficient quantities to meet the population's needs.

Organização e práticas da assistência farmacêutica em oncologia no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde / Organización y prácticas de la asistencia farmacéutica en oncología en el ámbito del Sistema Brasileño de Salud / Organization and practices of pharmaceutical services in oncology within the Brazilian National Health System

Este artigo, fundamentado na Teoria da Estruturação de Giddens, buscou analisar a organização e as práticas da assistência farmacêutica em oncologia em cinco municípios brasileiros por meio de um estudo de casos múltiplos, tendo o câncer de mama como condição marcadora. A subunidade de análise foram as unidades habilitadas de atenção oncológica. Foram entrevistados dez gestores e quinze profissionais de saúde. Complementarmente, foram considerados documentos e dados da observação direta da ação dos profissionais. Os resultados foram analisados segundo quatro eixos: estrutura organizacional, financiamento, tecnologias e processos de trabalho. Destacaram-se: a baixa articulação das ações de assistência farmacêutica realizadas entre os níveis de atenção à saúde, problemas estruturais nos serviços, insuficiência de financiamento, atrasos nos processos de avaliação e incorporação de tecnologias, e falhas nos processos de trabalho. Os aspectos destacados contribuem para a precariedade do funcionamento do sistema.

Este artículo, fundamentado en la Teoría de la Estructuración de Giddens, buscó analizar la organización y las prácticas de la asistencia farmacéutica en oncología en cinco municipios brasileños, por medio de un estudio de casos múltiples, teniendo el cáncer de mama como condición marcadora. La subunidad de análisis fueron las unidades habilitadas de atención oncológica. Se entrevistaron diez gestores y quince profesionales de salud. Complementariamente, se consideraron documentos y datos de observación directa de la acción de los profesionales. Los resultados se analizaron de acuerdo con cuatro ejes: estructura organizacional, financiación, tecnologías y procesos de trabajo. Se destacó la baja articulación de las acciones de asistencia farmacéutica realizadas entre los niveles de atención de la salud, problemas estructurales en los servicios, insuficiencia de financiación, atrasos en los procesos de evaluación e incorporación de tecnologías y fallas en los procesos de trabajo. Los aspectos destacados contribuyen para la precariedad del funcionamiento del sistema.

This study, based on the Giddens' Structuration Theory, aimed to analyze organization and pharmaceutical services practices for oncology care in five brazilian municipalities by a multiple-case study design, having breast cancer as a marker condition. Oncology care-certified facilities were established as analysis sub-units. In-depth interviews were conducted with ten managers and fifteen health professionals. Research strategy also involved document analysis and direct observation of practices. Results were analyzed according to four main themes: organizational structure, financing, technologies and work process. We found little interaction of pharmaceutical services with levels of care, structural problems within facilities, insufficient funding, belated technology assessment and technology adoption, and shortfalls in work processes. These aspects contribute to precarious functioning of the cancer-care system.

Avanços e desafios para garantia do acesso a medicamentos do componente especializado / Achievements and challenges in ensuring access to medication via the specialized component of pharmaceutical care / Los avances y desafíos para garantizar el acceso a medicamentos del componente especializado

Um dos grandes desafios para a gestão da assistência farmacêutica no Sistema Único de Saúde é estabelecer uma forma sustentável de garantir o financiamento e o acesso aos medicamentos, considerando os elevados custos da assistência à saúde. O Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica (Ceaf) é fruto da evolução constante da assistência farmacêutica no Brasil e constitui-se em uma estratégia de acesso aos tratamentos mais complexos, que necessitam de tecnologias e recursos de saúde diferenciados. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar os avanços conquistados e os desafios enfrentados na garantia do acesso a medicamentos do Ceaf. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa baseada na literatura, para a qual foram selecionadas 38 publicações. Foram identificados avanços importantes como a centralização da aquisição parcial dos medicamentos especializados, a definição de valores unitários e a isenção de impostos para medicamentos adquiridos pelos estados com recurso da União, além da racionalização na incorporação de novas tecnologias. Porém, foram identificados alguns desafios que ainda precisam ser superados, como a falta de organização e de estruturação dos serviços farmacêuticos, a ausência de um sistema de informação unificado, a constante pressão para incorporação de novas tecnologias e a judicialização da saúde. Para garantir o acesso sustentável aos medicamentos do Ceaf é necessário desenvolver ações como a integração dos serviços do nível central com as unidades assistenciais, a otimização dos sistemas de informação e estruturação e melhorias do fluxo logístico dos serviços farmacêuticos. Essas medidas podem qualificar o acesso ao tratamento medicamentoso pelo Sistema Único de Saúde e contribuir para o fortalecimento da assistência farmacêutica no Brasil.

One of the main challenges in the management of Pharmaceutical Services in the Brazilian Unified Health System is to establish a viable way to ensure funding and access to medication, given the high costs of medical care. The Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Care (CEAF) is a result of the constant evolution of pharmaceutical services in Brazil. It's a program for improving access to complex treatments that require differentiated technologies and health resources. This study investigated the achievements and the challenges found in ensuring access to medication by CEAF. It is an integrative review of the literature. A total of 38 publications were included. Important achievements were identified: centralized purchasing of medication from the CEAF; the definition of the unit value for products; tax exemption for the purchase of medication by states using federal government money; and the rationalization concerning the incorporation of technologies. However, there are still challenges to be overcome, such as lack of organization and infrastructure in the pharmaceutical services; absence of an integrated information system; the pressure for incorporation of new drugs; the judicialization of health. To ensure the sustainable access to medication from the CEAF, it is necessary to develop actions such as the integration between the central management unit and its local services by optimizing information systems; it is necessary to improve the structure and the logistic flow of the pharmaceutical services. Such measures may contribute to the access to medication provided by the Brazilian Unified Health System, as well as to the strengthening of pharmaceutical services in Brazil.

Uno de los grandes desafíos para la gestión de los servicios farmacéuticos en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) es establecer una forma sostenible de garantizar la financiación y el acceso a medicamentos, llevando en consideración los altos costes de la asistencia sanitaria. El Componente Especializado de los Servicios Farmacéuticos (Ceaf) es fruto de la evolución constante de los servicios farmacéuticos en Brasil y se trata de una estrategia de acceso a los tratamientos más complejos que necesitan de tecnologías y recursos de salud diferenciados. El objetivo de este estudio es investigar los avances alcanzados y los desafíos enfrentados para garantizar el acceso a medicamentos del Ceaf. Se trata de una revisión integrativa de la literatura, la cual incluyó 38 publicaciones. Se identificaron avances importantes, por ejemplo la centralización de la adquisición parcial de medicamentos especializados, la definición de valores unitarios y la exención fiscal para medicamentos adquiridos por los estados con recursos federales, además de la racionalización en la incorporación de nuevas tecnologías. Sin embargo, se han identificado algunos desafíos que deben superarse, como la falta de organización y estructuración de los servicios; la ausencia de un sistema de información unificado; la presión constante para que se incorpore nuevas tecnologías y la judicialización de la salud. Para garantizar el acceso sostenible a medicamentos del Ceaf, es necesario desarrollar acciones como la integración de los servicios a nivel central y local; la optimización de los sistemas de información y estructuración de los servicios farmacéuticos y la mejora del flujo logístico de estos servicios. Tales medidas pueden mejorar el acceso al tratamiento medicamentoso en el SUS y contribuir al fortalecimiento de los servicios farmacéuticos en Brasil.

Assistência Farmacêutica em Moçambique: a ajuda externa na provisão pública de medicamentos / Pharmaceutical Services in Mozambique: foreign aid in public provision of medicines

Resumo Este artigo analisa a ação de atores nacionais e internacionais na Assistência Farmacêutica (AF) em Moçambique, no período de 2007 a 2012, com foco na provisão pública de medicamentos para HIV/Aids, malária e tuberculose. Descreve-se o funcionamento da AF no país; os atores que atuam nesse âmbito e as relações entre eles; discutem-se questões relevantes sobre o modus operandi dos parceiros de cooperação. A metodologia combinou: revisão bibliográfica, levantamento e análise documental e entrevistas. O marco teórico e analítico utilizou a análise de políticas públicas com foco no papel do Estado e suas inter-relações como os demais atores na ajuda externa na área farmacêutica e a abordagem de redes. Conclui-se que a interação entre os atores envolvidos é complexa, caraterizada pela fragmentação operacional e sobreposição de atividades entre diversos entes; centralização da aquisição de medicamentos na mão de poucos agentes; by pass das estruturas nacionais e desconsideração do necessário fortalecimento do sistema nacional de saúde para a construção de sua autonomia. A despeito de alguns avanços na provisão e disponibilidade de medicamentos para essas doenças, existe forte dependência externa nesse âmbito, o que obstaculiza a sustentabilidade da AF em Moçambique.

Abstract This article examines the activities of national and international actors in Pharmaceutical Services (PS) in Mozambique from 2007 to 2012, focusing on the public provision of HIV/Aids, malaria and tuberculosis medicines. It describes how PS functions in the country, what actors are involved in this area and the relations among them, pursuing salient issues in the modus operandi of partners in cooperation. The methodology combines literature review, document survey and analysis and interviews. The theoretical and analytical framework was given by the policy analysis approach, focusing on the role of the State and its interrelations with other actors in foreign aid in PS, and also by the networks approach. It was concluded that the interactions among the actors involved is complex and characterised by operational fragmentation and overlapping of activities between entities, centralised medicine procurement in the hands of few agents, bypassing of national structures and disregard for the strengthening needed to bolster national health system autonomy. Despite some advances in the provision and availability of medicines for these diseases, external dependence is strong, which undermines the sustainability of PS in Mozambique.

Assistência Farmacêutica nos 30 anos do SUS na perspectiva da integralidade / Pharmaceutical Services and comprehensiveness 30 years after the advent of Brazil's Unified Health System

Resumo Os autores analisam a Assistência Farmacêutica (AF) e o acesso a medicamentos no Brasil na perspectiva do princípio da integralidade nos 30 anos do SUS. A partir da sua inclusão no movimento de reforma sanitária, foram selecionados temas relevantes, incluindo a reorientação da AF, a questão de recursos humanos, o conceito de medicamentos essenciais, o uso apropriado de medicamentos, o desenvolvimento tecnológico e a produção industrial e a regulação ética. Com fortes componentes regulatórios e tendo a política nacional de medicamentos como eixo estruturante, as três décadas do SUS são confrontadas entre avanços e retrocessos, considerando a complexidade nacional, as mudanças políticas, econômicas e sociais que impactaram políticas públicas e o acesso a medicamentos, tema que hoje mostra sua importância mesmo nas economias mais ricas do mundo, a partir de foros de discussão relacionados com Saúde Global. As conquistas ao longo do tempo são destacadas, considerando a preocupação decorrente do regime fiscal que compromete as áreas sociais.

Abstract This article examines pharmaceutical services and access to essential medicines in Brazil during the 30 years since the advent of Brazil's Unified Health System from a comprehensiveness perspective. The following topics are addressed: the "realignment" of pharmaceutical services; human resources in pharmaceutical services; the essential medicines concept; the rational use of medicines; technological advances and drug manufacturing; and ethical regulation. With a strong regulatory focus and a structural framework centered on the National Medicines Policy, the past three decades represent a mixture of progress and setbacks, considering the national complexities of the healthcare system and the political, economic and social changes that have influenced policy and access to medicines, which is a key concern even in the world's richest countries, as the forums of discussion on global health have demonstrated. We show that major steps forward have been taken, highlighting that the recent fiscal austerity measures imposed by the government threaten to seriously undermine social progress.

Satisfação dos pacientes com doença de Chagas atendidos por um serviço de atenção farmacêutica no estado do Ceará, Brasil / Satisfaction of Chagas disease patients attended at a pharmaceutical care service in the State of Ceará, Brazil

Resumo O Serviço de Atenção Farmacêutica ao paciente com doença de Chagas do estado do Ceará foi criando em 2005, com a finalidade de proporcionar seguimento farmacoterapêutico àqueles com esta morbidade. Decorridos 10 anos de atuação, objetivou-se avaliar a satisfação dos pacientes atendidos no serviço. Tratou-se de um estudo prospectivo, empregando um questionário subdividido nas seções: dados socioeconômicos; infraestrutura, localização e funcionamento; cuidado farmacêutico e importância do serviço. Foram entrevistados 70 pacientes de ambos os sexos e acima de 18 anos, entre agosto de 2014 e maio de 2015. Quanto à infraestrutura, localização e funcionamento, as notas obtidas mostraram que os pacientes estão satisfeitos com os parâmetros analisados. Com relação ao cuidado farmacêutico, a maioria dos pacientes mostrou-se satisfeita, tendo o "ser bem atendido" como aspecto mais importante durante o atendimento. Em relação à importância do serviço, 100% o considerou muito importante e o indicaria para outras pessoas. De modo geral, o estudo demonstrou um alto nível de satisfação com o serviço. Há muito a ser trabalhado neste serviço, como promover maior acesso e qualificação do atendimento, contribuindo para a concretização de um modelo humanizado, centrado nas necessidades do paciente.

Abstract In 2005, a pharmaceutical care service was created in the State of Ceará to provide pharmacotherapeutic follow-up for individuals infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas Disease). After 10 years of operation, an evaluation was conducted to assess the degree of satisfaction of patients treated under the service. This prospective study used a questionnaire comprising the following sections: socioeconomic data; infrastructure, facilities and operations; pharmaceutical care; and importance of the service. Seventy patients of both sexes and over 18 years of age were interviewed between August 2014 and May 2015. As for infrastructure, location and operation, the average grades show a high level of patient satisfaction. Regarding pharmaceutical care, most patients reported being satisfied and considered "being well treated" to be the most important aspect during treatment. In addition, all patients (100%) rated the service as very important and would recommend it to other individuals. Overall, the study showed a high level of patient satisfaction with the service. There is, however, still much to work to be done on this service in order to promote greater access and qualified care to fully achieve a humanized model focused on patient needs.

Avaliação da capacidade de gestão do componente especializado da assistência farmacêutica no Estado de São Paulo / Assessment the management capacity of Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Assistance (CEAF) in São Paulo State

A avaliação da capacidade de gestão, "caracterizada como a faculdade de decidir com autonomia, flexibilidade e transparência, mobilizando recursos e construindo a sustentabilidade dos resultados de gestão", contribui para o processo de gestão em saúde ao fornecer subsídios para tomada de decisões. No âmbito do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica (CEAF) facilita o enfrentamento dos desafios vigentes, em virtude do alto valor agregado dos medicamentos e do crescimento das doenças crônicas para as quais estão indicados, cujas linhas de cuidado constam em Protocolos Clínicos e Diretrizes Terapêuticas do Ministério da Saúde. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a capacidade de gestão do CEAF no Estado de São Paulo, sob os aspectos organizacional (capacidade de decidir), operacional (capacidade de executar) e de sustentabilidade (capacidade de sustentar resultados). Tratou-se de uma investigação avaliativa, precedida por adaptação e validação de um modelo teórico junto ao gestor da Assistência Farmacêutica da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde (SES/SP), e validação de conteúdo de um protocolo de indicadores proposto por Rover (2016), considerando a política e o contexto loco regional, empregando técnicas de grupo nominal e comitê tradicional com especialistas (n=11). As dimensões, o número e o foco dos indicadores foram mantidos conforme protocolo original. Entretanto, foram realizadas alterações (n= 137) e inclusões (n=7) nas medidas dos indicadores, com a redistribuição das pontuações e manutenção da somatória geral por indicador e dimensão (250 pontos). Em virtude destas adaptações, para aplicabilidade do protocolo de indicadores, os instrumentos de coleta de dados sofreram adaptação e validação aparente, por cinco unidades estaduais envolvidas na execução do CEAF. O processo avaliativo foi conduzido no período de dezembro/2017 a janeiro/2018, com a participação da SES/SP, do almoxarifado central e de uma amostra de 33 Farmácias de Medicamentos Especializados. Verificou-se que a capacidade de gestão do CEAF no Estado de São Paulo era mediana (125 pontos), com avanços relacionados à dimensão operacional, apesar da evidencia de que precisam melhorar, e dos desafios concentrados nas dimensões organizacional e sustentabilidade. Os resultados obtidos corroboram com a literatura quanto à atuação mais tecnicista (dimensão operacional) da assistência farmacêutica, cujas ações estão centradas em promover a disponibilidade dos medicamentos. Desta forma, faz-se necessário avançar quanto às capacidades de decidir (organizacional) e de sustentar resultados (sustentabilidade) para alcance da imagem-objeto da capacidade de gestão do CEAF no Estado de São Paulo

The management capacity assessment, "characterized as the ability to decide with autonomy, flexibility and transparency, mobilizing resources and building the sustainability of management results", contributes to the health management process by providing subsidies for decision-making. Within the Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Assistance (CEAF), it helps dealing with current challenges, due to the high added value of medicines and the growth of the chronic diseases for which they are indicated, whose lines of care are comprised in Clinical Protocols and Therapeutic Guidelines, published by the Ministry of Health. This study aimed to assess the management capacity of CEAF in São Paulo State, considering organizational (ability to decide), operational (ability to implement) and sustainability (ability to sustain results) aspects. This was an evaluation research, preceded by adaptation and validation of a logical model by São Paulo State pharmaceutical assistance manager, and content validation of a protocol of indicators proposed by Rover (2016), considering loco regional policy and context, using nominal group and traditional committee with specialists (n = 11). The dimensions, number and focus of the indicators were maintained according to the original protocol. However, changes (n = 137) and inclusions (n = 7) were made on the measures of indicators, with redistribution of scores and maintenance of the overall sum by indicator and dimension (250 points). Due to these adaptations, for the applicability of the protocol of indicators, the data collection instruments were adapted and validated by five state units involved in the implementation of CEAF. The assessment process was conducted from December/2017 to January/2018, with the participation of State Health Department, the central warehouse and a sample of 33 pharmacies (Farmácias de Medicamentos Especializados). Management capacity of CEAF in São Paulo State was medium (125 points), with advances related to the operational dimension, despite the existence of aspects that need improvement, and challenges focused on organizational and sustainability dimensions. The results corroborate with the literature on the more technical (operational dimension) performance of pharmaceutical assistance, whose actions are focused on promoting the availability of medicines. Thus, it is necessary to move forward in the ability to decide (organizational) and sustain results (sustainability) to reach the object-image expected for the management capacity of CEAF in São Paulo State

Avaliação da capacidade de gestão do componente especializado da assistência farmacêutica / An evaluation of governance capacity of the specialized component of pharmaceutical services in Brazil

Resumo Este artigo apresenta a aplicação de um protocolo de indicadores para a avaliação da capacidade de gestão do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica (CEAF) em um estado do Sul do Brasil. A escolha do referencial teórico de capacidade de governo de Carlos Matus, refletido no conceito de capacidade de gestão e de gestão da assistência farmacêutica, tem por base a necessidade de superar a fragmentação e a redução tecnicista imposta à área. A aplicação do protocolo envolveu a coleta de dados em 74 unidades (municipais ou estaduais). Os resultados das análises indicam que a capacidade de gestão necessita de avanços nas três dimensões avaliadas, principalmente em relação aos aspectos que visam à sustentabilidade da gestão. O modelo e o protocolo utilizados trazem avanços para a gestão da assistência farmacêutica ao propor uma mudança do foco técnico-logístico, para as ações de natureza estratégica e política, ou que fomentem maior participação e autonomia. De posse dos resultados poder-se-á desenvolver estratégias para a qualificação do acesso a medicamentos no SUS, no sentido de que o CEAF se torne capaz de garantir a integralidade dos tratamentos medicamentosos.

Abstract This paper presents application of an indicator protocol to assessment of current levels of governance capacity of the Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Services (CEAF) in a state of the South of Brazil. We chose the theoretical referential of 'governance capacity' proposed by Carlos Matus, which reflects in the concepts of management capacity and pharmaceutical service management, due to the perception of a need to overcome the fragmentation and technicist reductionism that we believe has been imposed on the area of pharmaceutical services. Data was collected using the protocol in 74 municipal or state units. The results of the analysis indicate that the currently existing governance capacity needs improvement in all three dimensions that were evaluated, principally in relation to the aspects that seek sustainability of the governance. The model and the protocol used indicate a way forward for governance of pharmaceutical service by proposing a change from the technicist-logistical focus to an emphasis on strategic and political actions, or ones which foster greater participation and autonomy. With these results in hand, it will be possible to develop strategies for improvement of access to medicines in the SUS, in the sense that the CEAF becomes able to guarantee integrality of medicines treatments.